common pigeon

Grey tail with blackish terminal band, and broad black bars acroos greater coverts and tertials/secondaries. Darker grey and lacks whitish tail-band of hill pigeon. Northern subspecies neglecta has pale grey to whitish back, and is slightly paler grey on underparts than intermedia of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Feral populations differ considerably in coloration and patterning.

The rock dove has a restricted natural resident range in western and southern Europe, North Africa, and extending into South Asia. It is often found in pairs in the breeding season, but is usually gregarious.The species (including ferals) has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2 (3,900,000 sq mi). It has a large global population, including an estimated 17 to 28 million individuals in Europe.
Fossil evidence suggests the rock dove originated in southern Asia, and skeletal remains, unearthed in Israel, confirm its existence there for at least three-hundred thousand years. However, this species has such a long history with humans that it is impossible to identify the species' original range exactly.
Its habitat is natural cliffs, usually on coasts. Its domesticated form, the feral pigeon, has been widely introduced elsewhere, and is common, especially in cities, over much of the world. A rock pigeon's lifespan ranges from 3–5 years in the wild to 15 years in captivity, though longer-lived specimens have been reported. The main causes of mortality in the wild are predators and persecution by humans.The species was first introduced to North America in 1606 at Port Royal, Nova Scotia.

Common Pigeon feeds mainly on seeds and cultivated grains.

Gives a deep, repeated gootr-goo, gootr-goo.

The adult of the nominate subspecies of the rock dove is 29 to 37 cm (11 to 15 in) long with a 62 to 72 cm (24 to 28 in) wingspan. Weight for wild or feral rock doves ranges from 238&ndash380 g (8.4&ndash13.4 oz) though overfed domestic and semidomestic individuals can exceed normal weights. It has a dark bluish-grey head neck and chest with glossy yellowish greenish and reddish-purple iridescence along its neck and wing feathers. The iris is orange red or golden with a paler inner ring and the bare skin round the eye is bluish-grey. The bill is grey-black with a conspicuous off-white cere and the feet are purplish-red. Among standard measurements the wing chord is typically around 22.3 cm (8.8 in) the tail is 9.5 to 11 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in) the bill is around 1.8 cm (0.71 in) and the tarsus is 2.6 to 3.5 cm (1.0 to 1.4 in).<br> The adult female is almost identical in outward appearance to the male but the iridescence on her neck is less intense and more restricted to the rear and sides whereas that on the breast is often very obscure. <br> The white lower back of the pure rock dove is its best identification characteristic the two black bars on its pale grey wings are also distinctive. The tail has a black band on the end and the outer web of the tail feathers are margined with white. It is strong and quick on the wing dashing out from sea caves flying low over the water its lighter grey rump showing well from above.<br> Young birds show little lustre and are duller. Eye colour of the pigeon is generally orange but a few pigeons may have white-grey eyes. The eyelids are orange and encapsulated in a grey-white eye ring. The feet are red to pink.<br> When circling overhead the white underwing of the bird becomes conspicuous. In its flight behaviour and voice which is more of a dovecot coo than the phrase of the wood pigeon it is a typical pigeon. Although it is a relatively strong flier it also glides frequently holding its wings in a very pronounced V shape as it does. Though fields are visited for grain and green food it is often not plentiful enough as to be a viewed as pest.<br> Pigeons feed on the ground in flocks or individually. They are scavengers and frequently feed on human garbage. Pigeon groups typically consist of producers which locate and obtain food and scroungers which feed on food obtained by the producers. Generally groups of pigeons contain a greater proportion of scroungers than producers. They roost together in buildings or on walls or statues. When drinking while most birds take small sips and tilt their heads backwards to swallow the water pigeons are able to dip their bills into the water and drink continuously without having to tilt their heads back. When disturbed a pigeon in a group will take off with a noisy clapping sound that is said to be a cue for other pigeons in a flock to take to flight.<br>Pigeons especially homing or carrier breeds are well known for their ability to find their way home from long distances. Despite these demonstrated abilities wild rock doves are sedentary and rarely leave their local areas.