The white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) is a distinctive and rare member of the stiff-tailed duck family. Known for its unique appearance and elusive nature, this small diving duck is a subject of significant conservation interest worldwide due to its declining numbers.

Adult males are easily identified by their bright blue bills, white heads with a black crown, and reddish-grey plumage. Measuring between 43-48 cm in length and weighing 580–750 g, they are compact birds. Females are more understated, featuring a grey-brown body, a darker bill, and a white face with a dark cheek stripe.

This species prefers large fresh waters, lakes, and brackish lagoons. They are particularly dependent on environments with extensive submerged aquatic vegetation and dense reed beds at the margins, which provide essential cover and nesting sites.

The white-headed duck is omnivorous, though vegetable matter makes up the bulk of its diet. They feed by diving and swimming underwater to forage for:

• Submerged aquatic plants and seeds
• Small aquatic invertebrates
• Animal matter found in the benthos

They breed in Spain, North Africa, and Central Asia. Their nesting sites are typically located in dense stands of aquatic plants near open water. They often utilize artificial water bodies if the vegetation is thick enough to provide adequate shelter for their eggs and ducklings.

These birds are reluctant to fly and prefer to escape danger by diving or swimming away while partially submerged. They are highly specialized for an aquatic life, often seen with their stiff tails cocked upwards, a characteristic trait of the Oxyura genus.

The white-headed duck is currently rated as Endangered by the IUCN. The global population is declining primarily due to habitat loss, water pollution, and the threat of hybridization with the invasive North American ruddy duck.

1. The male's bill turns a more vibrant shade of blue during the breeding season to attract mates.
2. It is the only stiff-tailed duck native to the Palearctic region.
3. When threatened, they can sink slowly into the water until only their head is visible.
4. They are known to be quite silent birds, rarely making loud calls.

• Focus your search on wetlands in southern Spain, which is one of the best places to see them year-round.
• Use a spotting scope to scan the edges of reed beds where they like to hide.
• Look for the male's distinctive white head and blue bill, which stand out even at a distance.
• Avoid making sudden movements, as they will dive and remain submerged if they feel threatened.

The white-headed duck is a symbol of wetland conservation. Protecting its specialized habitat is vital for the survival of this unique species. By supporting conservation efforts, we can help ensure that the striking blue bill of the male remains a sight for future birdwatchers to enjoy.